/*
Copyright 2019 The Kubernetes Authors.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/

package sidecar_controller

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"strings"
	"time"

	codes "google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
	v1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
	klog "k8s.io/klog/v2"

	crdv1 "github.com/kubernetes-csi/external-snapshotter/client/v7/apis/volumesnapshot/v1"
	"github.com/kubernetes-csi/external-snapshotter/v7/pkg/utils"
)

// Design:
//
// This is the sidecar controller that is responsible for creating and deleting a
// snapshot on the storage system through a csi volume driver. It watches
// VolumeSnapshotContent objects which have been either created/deleted by the
// common snapshot controller in the case of dynamic provisioning or by the admin
// in the case of pre-provisioned snapshots.

// The snapshot creation through csi driver should return a snapshot after
// it is created successfully(however, the snapshot might not be ready to use yet
// if there is an uploading phase). The creationTime will be updated accordingly
// on the status of VolumeSnapshotContent.
// After that, the sidecar controller will keep checking the snapshot status
// through csi snapshot calls. When the snapshot is ready to use, the sidecar
// controller set the status "ReadyToUse" to true on the VolumeSnapshotContent object
// to indicate the snapshot is ready to be used to restore a volume.
// If the creation failed for any reason, the Error status is set accordingly.

const controllerUpdateFailMsg = "snapshot controller failed to update"

// syncContent deals with one key off the queue. It returns flag indicating if the
// content should be requeued. On error, the content is always requeued.
func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) syncContent(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent) (requeue bool, err error) {
	klog.V(5).Infof("synchronizing VolumeSnapshotContent[%s]", content.Name)

	if ctrl.shouldDelete(content) {
		klog.V(4).Infof("VolumeSnapshotContent[%s]: the policy is %s", content.Name, content.Spec.DeletionPolicy)
		if content.Spec.DeletionPolicy == crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContentDelete &&
			content.Status != nil && content.Status.SnapshotHandle != nil {
			// issue a CSI deletion call if the snapshot has not been deleted yet from
			// underlying storage system. Note that the deletion snapshot operation will
			// update content SnapshotHandle to nil upon a successful deletion. At this
			// point, the finalizer on content should NOT be removed to avoid leaking.
			err := ctrl.deleteCSISnapshot(content)
			if err != nil {
				return true, err
			}
			return false, nil
		}
		// otherwise, either the snapshot has been deleted from the underlying
		// storage system, or the deletion policy is Retain, remove the finalizer
		// if there is one so that API server could delete the object if there is
		// no other finalizer.
		err := ctrl.removeContentFinalizer(content)
		if err != nil {
			return true, err
		}
		return false, nil

	}
	if content.Spec.Source.VolumeHandle != nil && content.Status == nil {
		klog.V(5).Infof("syncContent: Call CreateSnapshot for content %s", content.Name)
		return ctrl.createSnapshot(content)
	}
	// Skip checkandUpdateContentStatus() if ReadyToUse is
	// already true. We don't want to keep calling CreateSnapshot
	// or ListSnapshots CSI methods over and over again for
	// performance reasons.
	if contentIsReady(content) {
		// Try to remove AnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated if it is not removed yet for some reason
		_, err = ctrl.removeAnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated(content)
		if err != nil {
			return true, err
		}
		return false, nil
	}
	return ctrl.checkandUpdateContentStatus(content)
}

// deleteCSISnapshot starts delete action.
func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) deleteCSISnapshot(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent) error {
	klog.V(5).Infof("Deleting snapshot for content: %s", content.Name)
	return ctrl.deleteCSISnapshotOperation(content)
}

func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) storeContentUpdate(content interface{}) (bool, error) {
	return utils.StoreObjectUpdate(ctrl.contentStore, content, "content")
}

// createSnapshot starts new asynchronous operation to create snapshot. It returns flag indicating if the
// content should be requeued. On error, the content is always requeued.
func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) createSnapshot(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent) (requeue bool, err error) {
	klog.V(5).Infof("createSnapshot for content [%s]: started", content.Name)
	contentObj, err := ctrl.createSnapshotWrapper(content)
	if err != nil {
		ctrl.updateContentErrorStatusWithEvent(contentObj, v1.EventTypeWarning, "SnapshotCreationFailed", fmt.Sprintf("Failed to create snapshot: %v", err))
		klog.Errorf("createSnapshot for content [%s]: error occurred in createSnapshotWrapper: %v", content.Name, err)
		return true, err
	}

	_, updateErr := ctrl.storeContentUpdate(contentObj)
	if updateErr != nil {
		// We will get an "snapshot update" event soon, this is not a big error
		klog.V(4).Infof("createSnapshot for content [%s]: cannot update internal content cache: %v", content.Name, updateErr)
	}
	return !contentIsReady(contentObj), nil
}

// checkandUpdateContentStatus checks status of the volume snapshot in CSI driver and updates content.status
// accordingly. It returns flag indicating if the content should be requeued. On error, the content is
// always requeued.
func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) checkandUpdateContentStatus(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent) (requeue bool, err error) {
	klog.V(5).Infof("checkandUpdateContentStatus[%s] started", content.Name)
	contentObj, err := ctrl.checkandUpdateContentStatusOperation(content)
	if err != nil {
		ctrl.updateContentErrorStatusWithEvent(contentObj, v1.EventTypeWarning, "SnapshotContentCheckandUpdateFailed", fmt.Sprintf("Failed to check and update snapshot content: %v", err))
		klog.Errorf("checkandUpdateContentStatus [%s]: error occurred %v", content.Name, err)
		return true, err
	}
	_, updateErr := ctrl.storeContentUpdate(contentObj)
	if updateErr != nil {
		// We will get an "snapshot update" event soon, this is not a big error
		klog.V(4).Infof("checkandUpdateContentStatus [%s]: cannot update internal cache: %v", content.Name, updateErr)
	}
	return !contentIsReady(contentObj), nil
}

// updateContentStatusWithEvent saves new content.Status to API server and emits
// given event on the content. It saves the status and emits the event only when
// the status has actually changed from the version saved in API server.
// Parameters:
//
// * content - content to update
// * eventtype, reason, message - event to send, see EventRecorder.Event()
func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) updateContentErrorStatusWithEvent(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent, eventtype, reason, message string) error {
	klog.V(5).Infof("updateContentStatusWithEvent[%s]", content.Name)

	if content.Status != nil && content.Status.Error != nil && *content.Status.Error.Message == message {
		klog.V(4).Infof("updateContentStatusWithEvent[%s]: the same error %v is already set", content.Name, content.Status.Error)
		return nil
	}

	var patches []utils.PatchOp
	ready := false
	contentStatusError := &crdv1.VolumeSnapshotError{
		Time: &metav1.Time{
			Time: time.Now(),
		},
		Message: &message,
	}
	if content.Status == nil {
		// Initialize status if nil
		patches = append(patches, utils.PatchOp{
			Op:   "replace",
			Path: "/status",
			Value: &crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContentStatus{
				ReadyToUse: &ready,
				Error:      contentStatusError,
			},
		})
	} else {
		// Patch status if non-nil
		patches = append(patches, utils.PatchOp{
			Op:    "replace",
			Path:  "/status/error",
			Value: contentStatusError,
		})
		patches = append(patches, utils.PatchOp{
			Op:    "replace",
			Path:  "/status/readyToUse",
			Value: &ready,
		})

	}

	newContent, err := utils.PatchVolumeSnapshotContent(content, patches, ctrl.clientset, "status")

	// Emit the event even if the status update fails so that user can see the error
	ctrl.eventRecorder.Event(newContent, eventtype, reason, message)

	if err != nil {
		klog.V(4).Infof("updating VolumeSnapshotContent[%s] error status failed %v", content.Name, err)
		return err
	}

	_, err = ctrl.storeContentUpdate(newContent)
	if err != nil {
		klog.V(4).Infof("updating VolumeSnapshotContent[%s] error status: cannot update internal cache %v", content.Name, err)
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) getCSISnapshotInput(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent) (*crdv1.VolumeSnapshotClass, map[string]string, error) {
	className := content.Spec.VolumeSnapshotClassName
	klog.V(5).Infof("getCSISnapshotInput for content [%s]", content.Name)
	var class *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotClass
	var err error
	if className != nil {
		class, err = ctrl.getSnapshotClass(*className)
		if err != nil {
			klog.Errorf("getCSISnapshotInput failed to getClassFromVolumeSnapshot %s", err)
			return nil, nil, err
		}
	} else {
		// If dynamic provisioning, return failure if no snapshot class
		if content.Spec.Source.VolumeHandle != nil {
			klog.Errorf("failed to getCSISnapshotInput %s without a snapshot class", content.Name)
			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to take snapshot %s without a snapshot class", content.Name)
		}
		// For pre-provisioned snapshot, snapshot class is not required
		klog.V(5).Infof("getCSISnapshotInput for content [%s]: no VolumeSnapshotClassName provided for pre-provisioned snapshot", content.Name)
	}

	// Resolve snapshotting secret credentials.
	snapshotterCredentials, err := ctrl.GetCredentialsFromAnnotation(content)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	return class, snapshotterCredentials, nil
}

func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) checkandUpdateContentStatusOperation(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent) (*crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent, error) {
	var err error
	var creationTime time.Time
	var size int64
	readyToUse := false
	var driverName string
	var snapshotID, groupSnapshotID string
	var snapshotterListCredentials map[string]string

	if content.Spec.Source.SnapshotHandle != nil {
		klog.V(5).Infof("checkandUpdateContentStatusOperation: call GetSnapshotStatus for snapshot which is pre-bound to content [%s]", content.Name)

		if content.Spec.VolumeSnapshotClassName != nil {
			class, err := ctrl.getSnapshotClass(*content.Spec.VolumeSnapshotClassName)
			if err != nil {
				klog.Errorf("Failed to get snapshot class %s for snapshot content %s: %v", *content.Spec.VolumeSnapshotClassName, content.Name, err)
				return content, fmt.Errorf("failed to get snapshot class %s for snapshot content %s: %v", *content.Spec.VolumeSnapshotClassName, content.Name, err)
			}

			snapshotterListSecretRef, err := utils.GetSecretReference(utils.SnapshotterListSecretParams, class.Parameters, content.GetObjectMeta().GetName(), nil)
			if err != nil {
				klog.Errorf("Failed to get secret reference for snapshot content %s: %v", content.Name, err)
				return content, fmt.Errorf("failed to get secret reference for snapshot content %s: %v", content.Name, err)
			}

			snapshotterListCredentials, err = utils.GetCredentials(ctrl.client, snapshotterListSecretRef)
			if err != nil {
				// Continue with deletion, as the secret may have already been deleted.
				klog.Errorf("Failed to get credentials for snapshot content %s: %v", content.Name, err)
				return content, fmt.Errorf("failed to get credentials for snapshot content %s: %v", content.Name, err)
			}
		}

		readyToUse, creationTime, size, groupSnapshotID, err = ctrl.handler.GetSnapshotStatus(content, snapshotterListCredentials)
		if err != nil {
			klog.Errorf("checkandUpdateContentStatusOperation: failed to call get snapshot status to check whether snapshot is ready to use %q", err)
			return content, err
		}
		driverName = content.Spec.Driver
		snapshotID = *content.Spec.Source.SnapshotHandle

		klog.V(5).Infof("checkandUpdateContentStatusOperation: driver %s, snapshotId %s, creationTime %v, size %d, readyToUse %t, groupSnapshotID %s", driverName, snapshotID, creationTime, size, readyToUse, groupSnapshotID)

		if creationTime.IsZero() {
			creationTime = time.Now()
		}

		updatedContent, err := ctrl.updateSnapshotContentStatus(content, snapshotID, readyToUse, creationTime.UnixNano(), size, groupSnapshotID)
		if err != nil {
			return content, err
		}
		return updatedContent, nil
	}
	return ctrl.createSnapshotWrapper(content)
}

// This is a wrapper function for the snapshot creation process.
func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) createSnapshotWrapper(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent) (*crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent, error) {
	klog.Infof("createSnapshotWrapper: Creating snapshot for content %s through the plugin ...", content.Name)

	class, snapshotterCredentials, err := ctrl.getCSISnapshotInput(content)
	if err != nil {
		return content, fmt.Errorf("failed to get input parameters to create snapshot for content %s: %q", content.Name, err)
	}

	// NOTE(xyang): handle create timeout
	// Add an annotation to indicate the snapshot creation request has been
	// sent to the storage system and the controller is waiting for a response.
	// The annotation will be removed after the storage system has responded with
	// success or permanent failure. If the request times out, annotation will
	// remain on the content to avoid potential leaking of a snapshot resource on
	// the storage system.
	content, err = ctrl.setAnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated(content)
	if err != nil {
		return content, fmt.Errorf("failed to add VolumeSnapshotBeingCreated annotation on the content %s: %q", content.Name, err)
	}

	parameters, err := utils.RemovePrefixedParameters(class.Parameters)
	if err != nil {
		return content, fmt.Errorf("failed to remove CSI Parameters of prefixed keys: %v", err)
	}
	if ctrl.extraCreateMetadata {
		parameters[utils.PrefixedVolumeSnapshotNameKey] = content.Spec.VolumeSnapshotRef.Name
		parameters[utils.PrefixedVolumeSnapshotNamespaceKey] = content.Spec.VolumeSnapshotRef.Namespace
		parameters[utils.PrefixedVolumeSnapshotContentNameKey] = content.Name
	}

	driverName, snapshotID, creationTime, size, readyToUse, err := ctrl.handler.CreateSnapshot(content, parameters, snapshotterCredentials)
	if err != nil {
		// NOTE(xyang): handle create timeout
		// If it is a final error, remove annotation to indicate
		// storage system has responded with an error
		klog.Infof("createSnapshotWrapper: CreateSnapshot for content %s returned error: %v", content.Name, err)
		if isCSIFinalError(err) {
			var removeAnnotationErr error
			if content, removeAnnotationErr = ctrl.removeAnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated(content); removeAnnotationErr != nil {
				return content, fmt.Errorf("failed to remove VolumeSnapshotBeingCreated annotation from the content %s: %s", content.Name, removeAnnotationErr)
			}
		}

		return content, fmt.Errorf("failed to take snapshot of the volume %s: %q", *content.Spec.Source.VolumeHandle, err)
	}

	klog.V(5).Infof("Created snapshot: driver %s, snapshotId %s, creationTime %v, size %d, readyToUse %t", driverName, snapshotID, creationTime, size, readyToUse)

	if creationTime.IsZero() {
		creationTime = time.Now()
	}

	newContent, err := ctrl.updateSnapshotContentStatus(content, snapshotID, readyToUse, creationTime.UnixNano(), size, "")
	if err != nil {
		klog.Errorf("error updating status for volume snapshot content %s: %v.", content.Name, err)
		return content, fmt.Errorf("error updating status for volume snapshot content %s: %v", content.Name, err)
	}
	content = newContent

	// NOTE(xyang): handle create timeout
	// Remove annotation to indicate storage system has successfully
	// cut the snapshot
	content, err = ctrl.removeAnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated(content)
	if err != nil {
		return content, fmt.Errorf("failed to remove VolumeSnapshotBeingCreated annotation on the content %s: %q", content.Name, err)
	}

	return content, nil
}

// Delete a snapshot: Ask the backend to remove the snapshot device
func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) deleteCSISnapshotOperation(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent) error {
	klog.V(5).Infof("deleteCSISnapshotOperation [%s] started", content.Name)

	snapshotterCredentials, err := ctrl.GetCredentialsFromAnnotation(content)
	if err != nil {
		ctrl.eventRecorder.Event(content, v1.EventTypeWarning, "SnapshotDeleteError", "Failed to get snapshot credentials")
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get input parameters to delete snapshot for content %s: %q", content.Name, err)
	}

	err = ctrl.handler.DeleteSnapshot(content, snapshotterCredentials)
	if err != nil {
		ctrl.eventRecorder.Event(content, v1.EventTypeWarning, "SnapshotDeleteError", "Failed to delete snapshot")
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete snapshot %#v, err: %v", content.Name, err)
	}
	// the snapshot has been deleted from the underlying storage system, update
	// content status to remove snapshot handle etc.
	newContent, err := ctrl.clearVolumeContentStatus(content.Name)
	if err != nil {
		ctrl.eventRecorder.Event(content, v1.EventTypeWarning, "SnapshotDeleteError", "Failed to clear content status")
		return err
	}
	// trigger syncContent
	// TODO: just enqueue the content object instead of calling syncContent directly
	ctrl.updateContentInInformerCache(newContent)
	return nil
}

// clearVolumeContentStatus resets all fields to nil related to a snapshot in
// content.Status. On success, the latest version of the content object will be
// returned.
func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) clearVolumeContentStatus(
	contentName string) (*crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent, error) {
	klog.V(5).Infof("cleanVolumeSnapshotStatus content [%s]", contentName)
	// get the latest version from API server
	content, err := ctrl.clientset.SnapshotV1().VolumeSnapshotContents().Get(context.TODO(), contentName, metav1.GetOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error get snapshot content %s from api server: %v", contentName, err)
	}
	if content.Status != nil {
		content.Status.SnapshotHandle = nil
		content.Status.ReadyToUse = nil
		content.Status.CreationTime = nil
		content.Status.RestoreSize = nil
	}
	newContent, err := ctrl.clientset.SnapshotV1().VolumeSnapshotContents().UpdateStatus(context.TODO(), content, metav1.UpdateOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		return content, newControllerUpdateError(contentName, err.Error())
	}
	return newContent, nil
}

func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) updateSnapshotContentStatus(
	content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent,
	snapshotHandle string,
	readyToUse bool,
	createdAt int64,
	size int64,
	groupSnapshotID string) (*crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent, error) {
	klog.V(5).Infof("updateSnapshotContentStatus: updating VolumeSnapshotContent [%s], snapshotHandle %s, readyToUse %v, createdAt %v, size %d, groupSnapshotID %s", content.Name, snapshotHandle, readyToUse, createdAt, size, groupSnapshotID)

	contentObj, err := ctrl.clientset.SnapshotV1().VolumeSnapshotContents().Get(context.TODO(), content.Name, metav1.GetOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error get snapshot content %s from api server: %v", content.Name, err)
	}

	var newStatus *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContentStatus
	updated := false
	if contentObj.Status == nil {
		newStatus = &crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContentStatus{
			SnapshotHandle: &snapshotHandle,
			ReadyToUse:     &readyToUse,
			CreationTime:   &createdAt,
		}
		if groupSnapshotID != "" {
			newStatus.VolumeGroupSnapshotHandle = &groupSnapshotID
		}
		if size > 0 {
			newStatus.RestoreSize = &size
		}
		updated = true
	} else {
		newStatus = contentObj.Status.DeepCopy()
		if newStatus.SnapshotHandle == nil {
			newStatus.SnapshotHandle = &snapshotHandle
			updated = true
		}
		if newStatus.ReadyToUse == nil || *newStatus.ReadyToUse != readyToUse {
			newStatus.ReadyToUse = &readyToUse
			updated = true
			if readyToUse && newStatus.Error != nil {
				newStatus.Error = nil
			}
		}
		if newStatus.CreationTime == nil {
			newStatus.CreationTime = &createdAt
			updated = true
		}
		if newStatus.RestoreSize == nil && size > 0 {
			newStatus.RestoreSize = &size
			updated = true
		}
		if newStatus.VolumeGroupSnapshotHandle == nil && groupSnapshotID != "" {
			newStatus.VolumeGroupSnapshotHandle = &groupSnapshotID
			updated = true
		}
	}

	if updated {
		contentClone := contentObj.DeepCopy()
		contentClone.Status = newStatus
		newContent, err := ctrl.clientset.SnapshotV1().VolumeSnapshotContents().UpdateStatus(context.TODO(), contentClone, metav1.UpdateOptions{})
		if err != nil {
			return contentObj, newControllerUpdateError(content.Name, err.Error())
		}
		return newContent, nil
	}

	return contentObj, nil
}

// getSnapshotClass is a helper function to get snapshot class from the class name.
func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) getSnapshotClass(className string) (*crdv1.VolumeSnapshotClass, error) {
	klog.V(5).Infof("getSnapshotClass: VolumeSnapshotClassName [%s]", className)

	class, err := ctrl.classLister.Get(className)
	if err != nil {
		klog.Errorf("failed to retrieve snapshot class %s from the informer: %q", className, err)
		return nil, err
	}

	return class, nil
}

var _ error = controllerUpdateError{}

type controllerUpdateError struct {
	message string
}

func newControllerUpdateError(name, message string) error {
	return controllerUpdateError{
		message: fmt.Sprintf("%s %s on API server: %s", controllerUpdateFailMsg, name, message),
	}
}

func (e controllerUpdateError) Error() string {
	return e.message
}

func isControllerUpdateFailError(err *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotError) bool {
	if err != nil {
		if strings.Contains(*err.Message, controllerUpdateFailMsg) {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) GetCredentialsFromAnnotation(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent) (map[string]string, error) {
	// get secrets if VolumeSnapshotClass specifies it
	var snapshotterCredentials map[string]string
	var err error

	// Check if annotation exists
	if metav1.HasAnnotation(content.ObjectMeta, utils.AnnDeletionSecretRefName) && metav1.HasAnnotation(content.ObjectMeta, utils.AnnDeletionSecretRefNamespace) {
		annDeletionSecretName := content.Annotations[utils.AnnDeletionSecretRefName]
		annDeletionSecretNamespace := content.Annotations[utils.AnnDeletionSecretRefNamespace]

		snapshotterSecretRef := &v1.SecretReference{}

		if annDeletionSecretName == "" || annDeletionSecretNamespace == "" {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot retrieve secrets for snapshot content %#v, err: secret name or namespace not specified", content.Name)
		}

		snapshotterSecretRef.Name = annDeletionSecretName
		snapshotterSecretRef.Namespace = annDeletionSecretNamespace

		snapshotterCredentials, err = utils.GetCredentials(ctrl.client, snapshotterSecretRef)
		if err != nil {
			// Continue with deletion, as the secret may have already been deleted.
			klog.Errorf("Failed to get credentials for snapshot %s: %s", content.Name, err.Error())
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot get credentials for snapshot content %#v", content.Name)
		}
	}

	return snapshotterCredentials, nil
}

// removeContentFinalizer removes the VolumeSnapshotContentFinalizer from a
// content if there exists one.
func (ctrl csiSnapshotSideCarController) removeContentFinalizer(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent) error {
	if !utils.ContainsString(content.ObjectMeta.Finalizers, utils.VolumeSnapshotContentFinalizer) {
		// the finalizer does not exit, return directly
		return nil
	}
	var patches []utils.PatchOp
	contentClone := content.DeepCopy()
	patches = append(patches,
		utils.PatchOp{
			Op:    "replace",
			Path:  "/metadata/finalizers",
			Value: utils.RemoveString(contentClone.ObjectMeta.Finalizers, utils.VolumeSnapshotContentFinalizer),
		})

	updatedContent, err := utils.PatchVolumeSnapshotContent(contentClone, patches, ctrl.clientset)
	if err != nil {
		return newControllerUpdateError(content.Name, err.Error())
	}

	klog.V(5).Infof("Removed protection finalizer from volume snapshot content %s", updatedContent.Name)
	_, err = ctrl.storeContentUpdate(updatedContent)
	if err != nil {
		klog.Errorf("failed to update content store %v", err)
	}
	return nil
}

// shouldDelete checks if content object should be deleted
// if DeletionTimestamp is set on the content
func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) shouldDelete(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent) bool {
	klog.V(5).Infof("Check if VolumeSnapshotContent[%s] should be deleted.", content.Name)

	if content.ObjectMeta.DeletionTimestamp == nil {
		return false
	}
	// 1) shouldDelete returns true if a content is not bound
	// (VolumeSnapshotRef.UID == "") for pre-provisioned snapshot
	if content.Spec.Source.SnapshotHandle != nil && content.Spec.VolumeSnapshotRef.UID == "" {
		return true
	}

	// NOTE(xyang): Handle create snapshot timeout
	// 2) shouldDelete returns false if AnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated
	// annotation is set. This indicates a CreateSnapshot CSI RPC has
	// not responded with success or failure.
	// We need to keep waiting for a response from the CSI driver.
	if metav1.HasAnnotation(content.ObjectMeta, utils.AnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated) {
		return false
	}

	// 3) shouldDelete returns true if AnnVolumeSnapshotBeingDeleted annotation is set
	if metav1.HasAnnotation(content.ObjectMeta, utils.AnnVolumeSnapshotBeingDeleted) {
		return true
	}
	return false
}

// setAnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated sets VolumeSnapshotBeingCreated annotation
// on VolumeSnapshotContent
// If set, it indicates snapshot is being created
func (ctrl *csiSnapshotSideCarController) setAnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent) (*crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent, error) {
	if metav1.HasAnnotation(content.ObjectMeta, utils.AnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated) {
		// the annotation already exists, return directly
		return content, nil
	}

	// Set AnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated
	// Combine existing annotations with the new annotations.
	// If there are no existing annotations, we create a new map.
	klog.V(5).Infof("setAnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated: set annotation [%s:yes] on content [%s].", utils.AnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated, content.Name)
	patchedAnnotations := make(map[string]string)
	for k, v := range content.GetAnnotations() {
		patchedAnnotations[k] = v
	}
	patchedAnnotations[utils.AnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated] = "yes"

	var patches []utils.PatchOp
	patches = append(patches, utils.PatchOp{
		Op:    "replace",
		Path:  "/metadata/annotations",
		Value: patchedAnnotations,
	})

	patchedContent, err := utils.PatchVolumeSnapshotContent(content, patches, ctrl.clientset)
	if err != nil {
		return content, newControllerUpdateError(content.Name, err.Error())
	}
	// update content if update is successful
	content = patchedContent

	_, err = ctrl.storeContentUpdate(content)
	if err != nil {
		klog.V(4).Infof("setAnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated for content [%s]: cannot update internal cache %v", content.Name, err)
	}
	klog.V(5).Infof("setAnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated: volume snapshot content %+v", content)

	return content, nil
}

// removeAnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated removes the VolumeSnapshotBeingCreated
// annotation from a content if there exists one.
func (ctrl csiSnapshotSideCarController) removeAnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent) (*crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent, error) {
	if !metav1.HasAnnotation(content.ObjectMeta, utils.AnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated) {
		// the annotation does not exist, return directly
		return content, nil
	}
	contentClone := content.DeepCopy()
	annotationPatchPath := strings.ReplaceAll(utils.AnnVolumeSnapshotBeingCreated, "/", "~1")

	var patches []utils.PatchOp
	patches = append(patches, utils.PatchOp{
		Op:   "remove",
		Path: "/metadata/annotations/" + annotationPatchPath,
	})

	updatedContent, err := utils.PatchVolumeSnapshotContent(contentClone, patches, ctrl.clientset)
	if err != nil {
		return content, newControllerUpdateError(content.Name, err.Error())
	}

	klog.V(5).Infof("Removed VolumeSnapshotBeingCreated annotation from volume snapshot content %s", content.Name)
	_, err = ctrl.storeContentUpdate(updatedContent)
	if err != nil {
		klog.Errorf("failed to update content store %v", err)
	}
	return updatedContent, nil
}

// This function checks if the error is final
func isCSIFinalError(err error) bool {
	// Sources:
	// https://github.com/grpc/grpc/blob/master/doc/statuscodes.md
	// https://github.com/container-storage-interface/spec/blob/master/spec.md
	st, ok := status.FromError(err)
	if !ok {
		// This is not gRPC error. The operation must have failed before gRPC
		// method was called, otherwise we would get gRPC error.
		// We don't know if any previous CreateSnapshot is in progress, be on the safe side.
		return false
	}
	switch st.Code() {
	case codes.Canceled, // gRPC: Client Application cancelled the request
		codes.DeadlineExceeded,  // gRPC: Timeout
		codes.Unavailable,       // gRPC: Server shutting down, TCP connection broken - previous CreateSnapshot() may be still in progress.
		codes.ResourceExhausted, // gRPC: Server temporarily out of resources - previous CreateSnapshot() may be still in progress.
		codes.Aborted:           // CSI: Operation pending for Snapshot
		return false
	}
	// All other errors mean that creating snapshot either did not
	// even start or failed. It is for sure not in progress.
	return true
}

func contentIsReady(content *crdv1.VolumeSnapshotContent) bool {
	return content.Status != nil && content.Status.ReadyToUse != nil && *content.Status.ReadyToUse
}